| Compiled
by Kenneth A. Vercammen, Past Chair NJ State Bar Municipal Court and
DWI Section
Our office represents people charged with criminal and disorderly
persons offenses. We provide representation throughout New Jersey.
Criminal charges can cost you. If convicted of a criminal offense,
you face prison, high fines, Probation over 18 months and other
penalties. Don't give up! Our Law Office can provide experienced
attorney representation for criminal matters. Our website www.njlaws.com
provides information on criminal offenses we can be retained to
represent people.
According to the NJ Judiciary Website http://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/criminal/crproc.htm#indictment,
the Criminal Division of Superior Court manages criminal complaints
from the time they are lodged to their resolution or "disposition".
The accused, or "defendant" is charged with an offense
as a result of a formal complaint issued by a law enforcement agent
or a citizen who believes an offense has been committed against
their person or property. It can also result from an "indictment"
by a panel of citizens gathered to consider evidence, called a "grand
jury". Arrests can occur at the scene of a crime or based on
warrants or sworn statements ordering a court appearance. All arrests
must be based on "probable cause", or reasonable grounds
to believe that an offense has been committed, and the defendant
may have committed the offense. Complaints state the reasons for
the charge, and refer to offenses listed in the "New Jersey
Code of Criminal Justice" (Title 2C) that includes all of the
laws against criminal behavior.
Criminal offenses are heard, or considered in Superior Court, and
are more serious than non-criminal charges heard in municipal courts
where the offense occurred. Defendants found guilty, or "convicted"
of crimes face more serious consequences, with punishments spanning
probation supervision and fines to the loss of liberty through confinement
for a year or more. Crimes are classified by degree. Degrees range
from first to fourth degree offenses. A First degree crime carries
the potential penalty of 10-20 years in prison. A Second degree
crime carries a potential penalty of 5-10 years. Defendants who
are convicted of first and second degree crimes face a presumptive
term of incarceration. It is assumed that they will be sentenced
to serve time in prison. A Third degree crime may result in 3-5
years if convicted, while Fourth degree crimes carry a potential
penalty of up to 18 months in jail. There is a presumption of non-custodial
sentences on 3rd and 4th degree offenses.
Complaints heard in municipal courts are "disorderly persons"
offenses or "petty disorderly persons" violations, which
carry less restrictive punishments upon conviction. Disorderly persons
offenses may be sentenced to up to 6 months in a county jail. Petty
disorderly convictions may render up to 30 days in jail.
First Appearance
Once a complaint is issued, defendants are either arrested or issued
a summons or notice to appear in municipal or Superior Court on
a first appearance. If they fail to appear, a warrant may be issued
for the accused's arrest by a judge if there is proof of service,
or evidence that the accused received the summons or notice and
failed to appear. At the first court appearance, defendants are
advised of their rights. Their bail is reviewed.
Right To Counsel
At their first appearance defendants are advised of their right
to counsel. This means that they are entitled to have an attorney
represent them and answer the charges.
In making indigence determinations, Criminal Division staff consider
defendants' ability to post bail, the amount of bail posted, the
willingness of friends and family members to pay for an attorney,
and any factor related to a defendant's claim of impoverishment.
They review tax returns, credit and wage records and any other relevant
information regarding the ability of defendants to hire their own
attorneys.
Pre-Indictment Events Following the filing of a complaint and the
first court appearance, the prosecutor's office in each county determines
whether to pursue a criminal complaint. Prosecutors determine if
cases have merit and sufficient evidence to pursue a conviction.
In most counties, the prosecutor's Case Screening Unit reviews police
reports and interviews victims and witnesses to determine if the
original charges will be prosecuted. If there is insufficient evidence,
the charges are downgraded to disorderly persons offenses and "remanded"
or sent to the municipal courts for a hearing or dismissed. In some
counties, prosecutors pre-screen potential Superior Court filings
before a complaint is signed.
The Grand Jury
If a criminal case has not been, downgraded, diverted or dismissed,
the prosecutor will present the case to a grand jury for an indictment.
The grand jury is composed of a group of citizens who have been
selected from voter registration, drivers license and tax lists.
The grand jury considers evidence presented by the county prosecutor
and determines if there is sufficient evidence to formally charge
defendants and require them to respond to the charge(s). An indictment
is not a finding of guilt. Generally, neither the accused nor their
attorneys are present. Witnesses normally testify regarding the
crime. After considering evidence, if a majority of the 23 jurors
vote to indict defendants, they must face further criminal proceedings.
The return of an indictment is called a true bill. If a majority
finds the evidence to be insufficient to indict, the grand jury
enters a no bill and the charge(s) are dismissed. The jury may,
however, decide to charge defendants with a less serious offense,
to be downgraded or remanded to the municipal court. The accused
must appear in municipal court to face a disorderly persons or petty
disorderly persons charge.
The Indictment Process The grand jury will consider evidence presented
by the county prosecutor and determine if there is sufficient evidence
to formally charge the defendant and oblige him to respond to the
charge(s). The indictment is not a finding of guilt or a conviction.
The finding is a true bill that triggers further proceedings in
the Criminal Superior Court. If a majority finds the evidence to
be insufficient to indict, the grand jury enters a no bill and the
charge(s) are dismissed. The jury may, however, decide to charge
the defendant with a less serious offense, to be heard in municipal
court. In this instance, the offense has been downgraded or remanded.
The accused must appear in municipal court to face a disorderly
persons or petty disorderly persons charge.
The Pre-Arraignment Conference and The Arraignment
Within twenty-one days of the return of an indictment, a pre-arraignment
conference is held. This pre-arraignment conference is scheduled
by Criminal Division Staff. Defendants may wish to apply for public
defender representation at this point if they are not yet represented.
Prior to this conference, discovery or evidence is available to
defense counsel. This exchange of evidence provides the defense
with an opportunity to review the evidence the prosecution intends
to use against the accused prior to the conference. After reviewing
the discovery provided prior to the pre arraignment conference,
defendants may decide to apply for Pretrial Intervention, or to
enter plea bargain negotiations. Defendants may also indicate their
intention to plead guilty to the charge for which they were indicted.
Arraignment/Status Conference Standards
A formal arraignment occurs no later than 50 days after an indictment.
Upon notification by the Criminal Division, defendants must appear
and face formal notification of their charges. They may plead guilty
at this point, either to the charges listed in the indictment, or
to revised charges resulting from plea negotiations. If plea negotiations
are ongoing, the parties may review the status of the plea offer.
Defendants may also opt to apply for the Pretrial Intervention program
at this juncture, or be admitted into the program if they have not
applied prior to arraignment. If a guilty plea is entered at the
formal arraignment, Criminal Division judges order a presentence
investigation to be conducted by Criminal Division case supervisors.
Sentencing will follow the presentence investigation, generally
4 to 6 weeks after convictions. Status Conferences and the Pretrial
Conference
Defendants who have pleaded not guilty at this point may continue
plea negotiations or preparation for trial. Pretrial case resolutions
may occur at a status conference, where a defendant may decide to
enter a guilty plea with or without a negotiated plea bargain.
At Pretrial Conferences, defendants may enter a guilty plea to
the charges. At the Pretrial Conference, there is a plea cutoff
date, after which no further plea negotiations can occur. If no
agreement to plead guilty is reached, the matter will proceed to
trial. Criminal Division staff track conferences to ensure that
cases are moving without undue delays. The Administrative Office
of the Courts evaluates statistics entered by Criminal Division
staff in each criminal court to stay abreast of overall case movements
statewide. The Criminal Practice Division assists local court staff
to address backlogs if they should occur.
Conclusion It is well established that the prosecution of a defendant
is a criminal proceeding. In such a proceeding the burden of proof
is upon the state to establish all elements of the offense beyond
a reasonable doubt. Defense counsel must subpoena its necessary
witnesses and prepare for trial. Never attempt to represent yourself
if you are facing serious charges. Criminal offenses carry substantial
penalties which will effect you for the rest of your life. The space
limits of this article do not allow detailed explanation of the
extensive caselaw on criminal offenses. Other defenses are explained
in greater details in other articles on www.njlaws.com.
COURT RULE 3:7. INDICTMENT AND ACCUSATION
COURT RULE 3:7. INDICTMENT AND ACCUSATION
3:7-1. Entitling of Papers
The indictment and all subsequent papers in connection therewith
shall be entitled in the Superior Court.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:4-1(b).
3:7-2. Use of Indictment or Accusation
A crime punishable by death shall be prosecuted by indictment. Every
other crime shall be prosecuted by indictment unless the defendant,
after having been advised of the right to indictment, shall waive
the right in a signed writing, in which case the defendant may be
tried on accusation. Such accusation shall be prepared by the prosecuting
attorney and entitled and proceeded upon in the Superior Court.
Nothing herein contained, however, shall be construed as limiting
the criminal jurisdiction of a municipal court over indictable offenses
provided by law and these rules.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:4-2(a)(b). Amended August 28, 1979 to be effective
September 1, 1979; amended July 13, 1994 to be effective September
1, 1994.
3:7-3. Nature and Contents of Indictment or Accusation
(a) Nature and Contents Generally. The indictment or accusation
shall be a written statement of the essential facts constituting
the crime charged, need not contain a formal commencement and shall
be signed by the prosecuting attorney. The indictment shall be endorsed
as a true bill by the foreperson and conclude: "against the
peace of this State, the government and dignity of the same."
Allegations made in one count of the indictment or accusation may
be incorporated by reference in another count. It may be alleged
in a single count either that the means by which the defendant committed
the offense are unknown or that the defendant committed it by one
or more specified means. An indictment or accusation or any count
thereof charging the violation of a statute or statutes shall state
the official or customary citation thereof, but error in the citation
or its omission shall not be ground for dismissal of the indictment
or accusation or for reversal of a conviction if the error or omission
did not prejudicially mislead the defendant. Surplusage in the indictment
or accusation may be stricken by the court on defendant's motion.
(b) Indictment for Murder or Manslaughter. Every indictment for
murder shall specify whether the act is murder as defined by N.J.S.A.
2C:11-3(a)(1), (2) or (3) and whether the defendant is alleged:
(1) to have committed the act by his or her own conduct or (2) to
have procured the commission of the offense by payment or promise
of payment, of anything of pecuniary value or (3) to be the leader
of a drug trafficking network, as defined in N.J.S.A.2C:35-3, and
who, in furtherance of a conspiracy enumerated in N.J.S.A. 2C:35-3,
commanded or by threat or promise solicited the commission of the
offense. In every indictment for aggravated manslaughter or manslaughter,
it is sufficient to charge that the defendant committed aggravated
manslaughter or manslaughter contrary to N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:4-3(a)(b)(c), 3:4-4. Paragraphs (a) and (b)
amended August 28, 1979 to be effective September 1, 1979; paragraph
(b) amended September 28, 1982 to be effective immediately; paragraph
(b) amended July 13, 1993 to be effective immediately; paragraphs
(a) and (b) amended July 13, 1994 to be effective September 1, 1994.
3:7-4. Amendment of Indictment or Accusation
The court may amend the indictment or accusation to correct an error
in form or the description of the crime intended to be charged or
to charge a lesser included offense provided that the amendment
does not charge another or different offense from that alleged and
the defendant will not be prejudiced thereby in his or her defense
on the merits. Such amendment may be made on such terms as to postponing
the trial, to be had before the same or another jury, as the interest
of justice requires.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:4-5. Amended August 28, 1979 to be effective
September 1, 1979; amended July 13, 1994 to be effective September
1, 1994.
3:7-5. Bill of Particulars
A bill of particulars shall be ordered by the court if the indictment
or accusation is not sufficiently specific to enable the defendant
to prepare a defense. The defendant shall move therefore pursuant
to Rule 3:10-2. The application shall point out clearly the particulars
sought by the defense. The prosecutor shall furnish the bill of
particulars within 10 days after the order of the court. Further
particulars may be ordered when a demand therefor is promptly made.
A bill of particulars may be amended at any time, subject to such
conditions as the interest of justice requires. Any particulars
that have been furnished to the defendant pursuant to R. 3:13-3
and 4 shall not be subject to an application pursuant to this rule.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:4-6; amended June 29, 1990, to be effective
September 4, 1990; amended July 13, 1994 and December 9, 1994, to
be effective January 1, 1995.
3:7-6. Joinder of Offenses
Two or more offenses may be charged in the same indictment or accusation
in a separate count for each offense if the offenses charged are
of the same or similar character or are based on the same act or
transaction or on 2 or more acts or transactions connected together
or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan. Relief from prejudicial
joinder shall be afforded as providedby R. 3:15-2.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:4-7; amended August 28, 1979 to be effective
September 1, 1979.
3:7-7. Joinder of Defendants
Two or more defendants may be charged in the same indictment or
accusation if they are alleged to have participated in the same
act or transaction or in the same series of acts or transactions
constituting an offense or offenses. Such defendants may be charged
in one or more counts together or separately and all of the defendants
need not be charged in each count. The disposition of the indictment
or accusation as to one or more of several defendants joined in
the same indictment or accusation shall not affect the right of
the State to proceed against the other defendants. Relief from prejudicial
joinder shall be afforded as provided by R. 3:15-2.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:4-8.
3:7-8. Issuance of Warrant or Summons Upon Indictment or Accusation
Upon the return of an indictment or the filing of an accusation
a summons or warrant shall be issued in accordance with R. 3:3-1
by the criminal division manager as designee of the deputy clerk
of the Superior Court in the manner provided by law for each defendant
named in the indictment or accusation who is not under bail. The
criminal division manager as designee of the deputy clerk of the
Superior Court, upon request, shall issue more than one warrant
or summons for the same defendant. If the defendant fails to appear
in response to a summons, a warrant shall issue.
If a summons is issued upon indictment to a defendant who has not
been previously held to answer a complaint, the defendant shall
undergo all post-arrest identification procedures that are required
by law upon arrest, on the return date of the summons, or upon written
request of the appropriate law enforcement agency.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:4-9. Amended July 22, 1983 to be effective
September 12, 1983; amended July 13, 1994 to be effective January
1, 1995.
3:7-9. Form of Warrant and Summons
The warrant shall contain the name of the defendant or, if the defendant's
name is unknown, any name or description by which the defendant
can be identified with reasonable certainty, shall describe the
offense charged in the indictment or accusation and shall command
that the defendant be arrested and brought before the court. Conditions
of pretrial release shall be fixed by the court and endorsed thereon,
and in such case the sheriff or warden may take any bail. The summons
shall be in the same form as the warrant except that it shall be
directed to thedefendant and require the defendant to appear to
plead before the court at a stated time and place. The summons shall
also state that if the defendant fails to so appear, a warrant for
defendant's arrest shall issue.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:4-10(a)(b); amended July 13, 1994 to be effective
January 1, 1995.
3:7-10. Execution of Service; Return
(a) Execution of Warrant. The warrant shall be executed in accordance
with R. 3:3-3.
(b) Summons to an Individual. The summons shall be served upon an
individual in accordance with R. 4:4-4.
(c) Summons to a Corporation. Service of a summons upon a defendant
corporation, municipal or otherwise, shall be made in accordance
with R. 4:4-4. If the defendant corporation does not appear, the
court shall order the clerk to enter an appearance for said corporation
and endorse the plea of not guilty on the indictment or accusation,
and further proceedings may then be had thereon in the same manner
as if the corporation had appeared and so pleaded. A plea to an
indictment or accusation by a defendant corporation shall be made
by an attorney of this State.
(d) Service Upon a Corporation by Publication. If the summons directed
to a corporation is returned "not served" and it appears
to the satisfaction of the court that the summons could not be served,
the court shall by order direct the corporation to cause its appearance
and plea to be entered by a day certain. A copy of such order shall
within 5 days after the date thereof be published in a newspaper
in this State once, at least 2 weeks preceding the day certain so
specified. If the defendant corporation does not appear within the
time specified by the order, the court, if satisfied that publication
has been duly made, shall direct the clerk to enter an appearance
and a plea of "not guilty" for the defendant corporation,
and thereupon further proceedings may be had on the indictment or
accusation as provided by these rules.
(e) Return. The officer executing a warrant shall make prompt return
thereof to the court, and at the request of the prosecuting attorney
any unexecuted warrant shall be returned and cancelled. The officer
serving a summons shall make return thereof on or before the return
day. At the request of the prosecuting attorney made at any time
while the indictment or accusation is pending, a warrant returned
unexecuted and not cancelled or a summons returned unserved or a
duplicate thereof may be delivered by the clerk to the sheriff or
other authorized officer for execution or service.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:4-11, 3:4-12(a)(b), 3:4-13. Paragraph (d) amended
July 7, 1971 to be effective September 13, 1971.
Call Kenneth Vercammen and issue for a confidential consultation.
About the Author Kenneth A. Vercammen is a trial attorney in Edison,
Middlesex County, New Jersey. He often lectures for the New Jersey
State Bar Association, New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal
Education and Middlesex County College on personal injury, criminal
/ municipal court law, and drunk driving. He has published 125 articles
in national and New Jersey publications on municipal court and litigation
topics. He has served as a Special Acting Prosecutor in seven different
cities and towns in New Jersey and also successfully defended hundreds
of individuals facing Municipal Court and Criminal Court charges.
In his private practice, he has devoted a substantial portion of
his professional time to the preparation and trial of litigated
matters. He has appeared in Courts throughout New Jersey several
times each week on many personal injury matters, Municipal Court
trials, matrimonial hearings, and contested administrative law hearings.
Since 1985, his primary concentration has been on litigation matters.
Mr. Vercammen gained other legal experiences as the Confidential
Law Clerk to the Court of Appeals of Maryland (Supreme Court), with
the Delaware County, PA District Attorney Office handling Probable
Cause Hearings, Middlesex County Probation Dept as a Probation Officer,
and an Executive Assistant to Scranton District Magistrate, Thomas
Hart, in Scranton, PA. KENNETH VERCAMMEN & ASSOCIATES, PC ATTORNEY
AT LAW 2053 Woodbridge Ave. Edison, NJ 08817 (Phone) 732-572-0500
(Fax) 732-572-0030
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